If you quote a source or refer to a specific passage, include a page number or range. Full notes also include all the relevant publication information in parentheses (which varies by source type). The citation always includes the author’s name and the title of the text, and it always ends with a period. The footnote contains the number of the citation followed by a period and then the citation itself. The numbering does not restart with a new page or section (although in a book-length text it may restart with each new chapter).ĭiscover proofreading & editing Content of Chicago footnotes Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on. Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, across the whole text. Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing” 1-but Smith contends that … Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing.” 1 It is placed after any punctuation except a dash: The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. You can easily insert footnotes in Microsoft Word. They appear at the bottom of the relevant page, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. Placement of footnotesįootnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. Check with your instructor if you’re unsure. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the Chicago style bibliography. Footnote numbers should not follow dashes ( - ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses.The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions. When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark.
However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here.ĪPA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6 th ed., 2 nd printing).
This resource, revised according to the 6 th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.
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